This article delves into the pivotal Constituent Assembly and the intricate making of the Indian Constitution, a cornerstone of modern India. Understanding this historical process is crucial for grasping the foundations of the world's largest democracy.
1. The Vision of the Cabinet Mission: Setting the Stage for the Constituent Assembly
Following World War II, the British government recognized the growing demand for Indian self-rule. The Cabinet Mission Plan, a significant initiative, proposed the establishment of a Constituent Assembly. This assembly was envisioned as the body responsible for drafting a Constitution for India. The members of this crucial assembly were not directly elected by the entire population but rather chosen by the existing Provincial Legislative Assemblies.
2. Representation Based on Population: Crafting an Inclusive Assembly
The allocation of seats within the Constituent Assembly was meticulously planned to ensure fair representation. Each Province (of British India) and each Indian State (the princely states) were allotted seats roughly in proportion to their population. The guiding principle was approximately one seat for every million people. Furthermore, the seats assigned to each Province were distributed among the major communities recognized at the time: Sikh, Muslim, and General. This aimed to reflect the diverse social fabric of pre-independent India.
Also Read :- Evolution of Indian Constitution
3. Composition and Evolution of the Assembly: From Undivided India to the Dominion
Initially, the total number of members in the Constituent Assembly stood at 385. This included 93 representatives from the Indian States and 292 members from the Provinces (British India). However, the political landscape underwent a dramatic shift with the partition of India. Following this momentous event, the number of members in the Constituent Assembly was reduced to 299. Notably, on November 26, 1949, when the finally approved Constitution of India was signed, 284 members were actually present. The Constituent Assembly, initially elected for an undivided India, held its first meeting on December 9, 1946. It later reassembled on August 14, 1947, as the sovereign Constituent Assembly for the dominion of India, marking a new chapter in its crucial work.
4. The Time Taken: A Testament to Deliberation and Detail
The task of finalizing the Constitution was a monumental undertaking. The Constituent Assembly dedicated two years, eleven months, and eighteen days to this meticulous process, highlighting the extensive debates and considerations involved in shaping the foundational law of the nation.
5. The Objective Resolution: Guiding Principles for the Constitution
A pivotal moment in the making of the Constitution was the introduction of the Objective Resolution. Moved by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru during the first session of the Constituent Assembly on December 13, 1946, this resolution laid down the fundamental principles and aspirations that would guide the constitution-making process. After considerable deliberation and debate within the Assembly, the Objective Resolution was adopted on January 22, 1947. This resolution embodied key objectives such as establishing India as an independent sovereign republic and ensuring justice, liberty, and equality for all its citizens. The Objectives Resolution profoundly influenced the Preamble of the Indian Constitution, reflecting the core values envisioned by the framers.
6. The Role of Committees: Outlining the Structure and Principles
The intricate principles of the Constitution were meticulously outlined by various committees appointed by the Assembly. These committees focused on specific aspects of governance and rights. Following the submission of their reports, the Assembly engaged in general discussions to ensure comprehensive consideration of all facets. On August 29, 1947, a crucial step was taken with the appointment of the Drafting Committee, with the eminent Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as its Chairman.
7. The Drafting Committee: Shaping the Blueprint of the Nation
The Drafting Committee, under the able leadership of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, shouldered the critical responsibility of preparing the initial draft of the Constitution of India. This significant document was submitted to the President of the Assembly on February 21, 1948, marking a major milestone in the constitution-making journey. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is widely recognized as the Father of the Indian Constitution for his pivotal role in this process.
Also Read :- What is Fiscal Policy ?
8. The Members of the Drafting Committee: A Team of Visionaries
The Drafting Committee comprised a distinguished group of individuals who brought their expertise and vision to the task of framing the Constitution. The key members of the Drafting Committee were: N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar, Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar, K.M. Munshi, Mohd. Saadullah, B.L. Mitter (who was later replaced by N. Madhava Rao due to health reasons), and Dr. D.P. Khaitan (who was replaced upon his death by T.T. Krishnamachari).
9. The Final Approval: Adopting the Constitution
After extensive readings, debates, and amendments, the third and final reading of the draft Constitution was completed on November 26, 1949. On this historic date, the signature of the President of the Assembly was appended to the document, and the Constitution was officially declared as passed and adopted. This day is celebrated as Constitution Day in India.
10. Implementation: Bringing the Constitution into Force
While the Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949, its provisions were implemented in a phased manner. Certain crucial provisions relating to citizenship, elections, and the provisional Parliament were given immediate effect from November 26, 1949. The rest of the provisions of the Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950. This date holds immense significance as it is referred to in the Constitution as the date of its commencement and is celebrated annually as Republic Day in India, marking the nation's transition to a sovereign republic governed by its own constitution.
This journey of the Constituent Assembly and the making of the Indian Constitution stands as a testament to the dedication, deliberation, and vision of India's founding fathers. Their efforts resulted in a comprehensive and enduring document that continues to shape the destiny of the nation.